In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

NFS: Fix nfs_netfs_issue_read() xarray locking for writeback interrupt

The loop inside nfs_netfs_issue_read() currently does not disable
interrupts while iterating through pages in the xarray to submit
for NFS read.  This is not safe though since after taking xa_lock,
another page in the mapping could be processed for writeback inside
an interrupt, and deadlock can occur.  The fix is simple and clean
if we use xa_for_each_range(), which handles the iteration with RCU
while reducing code complexity.

The problem is easily reproduced with the following test:
 mount -o vers=3,fsc 127.0.0.1:/export /mnt/nfs
 dd if=/dev/zero of=/mnt/nfs/file1.bin bs=4096 count=1
 echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches
 dd if=/mnt/nfs/file1.bin of=/dev/null
 umount /mnt/nfs

On the console with a lockdep-enabled kernel a message similar to
the following will be seen:

 ================================
 WARNING: inconsistent lock state
 6.7.0-lockdbg+ #10 Not tainted
 --------------------------------
 inconsistent {IN-SOFTIRQ-W} -> {SOFTIRQ-ON-W} usage.
 test5/1708 [HC0[0]:SC0[0]:HE1:SE1] takes:
 ffff888127baa598 (&xa->xa_lock#4){+.?.}-{3:3}, at:
nfs_netfs_issue_read+0x1b2/0x4b0 [nfs]
 {IN-SOFTIRQ-W} state was registered at:
   lock_acquire+0x144/0x380
   _raw_spin_lock_irqsave+0x4e/0xa0
   __folio_end_writeback+0x17e/0x5c0
   folio_end_writeback+0x93/0x1b0
   iomap_finish_ioend+0xeb/0x6a0
   blk_update_request+0x204/0x7f0
   blk_mq_end_request+0x30/0x1c0
   blk_complete_reqs+0x7e/0xa0
   __do_softirq+0x113/0x544
   __irq_exit_rcu+0xfe/0x120
   irq_exit_rcu+0xe/0x20
   sysvec_call_function_single+0x6f/0x90
   asm_sysvec_call_function_single+0x1a/0x20
   pv_native_safe_halt+0xf/0x20
   default_idle+0x9/0x20
   default_idle_call+0x67/0xa0
   do_idle+0x2b5/0x300
   cpu_startup_entry+0x34/0x40
   start_secondary+0x19d/0x1c0
   secondary_startup_64_no_verify+0x18f/0x19b
 irq event stamp: 176891
 hardirqs last  enabled at (176891): [<ffffffffa67a0be4>]
_raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore+0x44/0x60
 hardirqs last disabled at (176890): [<ffffffffa67a0899>]
_raw_spin_lock_irqsave+0x79/0xa0
 softirqs last  enabled at (176646): [<ffffffffa515d91e>]
__irq_exit_rcu+0xfe/0x120
 softirqs last disabled at (176633): [<ffffffffa515d91e>]
__irq_exit_rcu+0xfe/0x120

 other info that might help us debug this:
  Possible unsafe locking scenario:

        CPU0
        ----
   lock(&xa->xa_lock#4);
   <Interrupt>
     lock(&xa->xa_lock#4);

  *** DEADLOCK ***

 2 locks held by test5/1708:
  #0: ffff888127baa498 (&sb->s_type->i_mutex_key#22){++++}-{4:4}, at:
      nfs_start_io_read+0x28/0x90 [nfs]
  #1: ffff888127baa650 (mapping.invalidate_lock#3){.+.+}-{4:4}, at:
      page_cache_ra_unbounded+0xa4/0x280

 stack backtrace:
 CPU: 6 PID: 1708 Comm: test5 Kdump: loaded Not tainted 6.7.0-lockdbg+
 Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (Q35 + ICH9, 2009), BIOS 1.16.3-1.fc39
04/01/2014
 Call Trace:
  dump_stack_lvl+0x5b/0x90
  mark_lock+0xb3f/0xd20
  __lock_acquire+0x77b/0x3360
  _raw_spin_lock+0x34/0x80
  nfs_netfs_issue_read+0x1b2/0x4b0 [nfs]
  netfs_begin_read+0x77f/0x980 [netfs]
  nfs_netfs_readahead+0x45/0x60 [nfs]
  nfs_readahead+0x323/0x5a0 [nfs]
  read_pages+0xf3/0x5c0
  page_cache_ra_unbounded+0x1c8/0x280
  filemap_get_pages+0x38c/0xae0
  filemap_read+0x206/0x5e0
  nfs_file_read+0xb7/0x140 [nfs]
  vfs_read+0x2a9/0x460
  ksys_read+0xb7/0x140

kernel.org https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/8a2e5977cecd3cde6a0e3e86b7b914d00240e5dc [No types assigned]

kernel.org https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/8df1678c021ffeb20ef8a203bd9413f3ed9b0e9a [No types assigned]

kernel.org https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/ad27382f8495f8ef6d2c66c413d756bfd13c0598 [No types assigned]

kernel.org https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/fd5860ab6341506004219b080aea40213b299d2e [No types assigned]