In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

nilfs2: protect access to buffers with no active references

nilfs_lookup_dirty_data_buffers(), which iterates through the buffers
attached to dirty data folios/pages, accesses the attached buffers without
locking the folios/pages.

For data cache, nilfs_clear_folio_dirty() may be called asynchronously
when the file system degenerates to read only, so
nilfs_lookup_dirty_data_buffers() still has the potential to cause use
after free issues when buffers lose the protection of their dirty state
midway due to this asynchronous clearing and are unintentionally freed by
try_to_free_buffers().

Eliminate this race issue by adjusting the lock section in this function.

https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/367a9bffabe08c04f6d725032cce3d891b2b9e1a

https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/4b08d23d7d1917bef4fbee8ad81372f49b006656

https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/58c27fa7a610b6e8d44e6220e7dbddfbaccaf439

https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/8e1b9201c9a24638cf09c6e1c9f224157328010b

https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/c437dfac9f7a5a46ac2a5e6d6acd3059e9f68188