In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

netfilter: nf_tables: flush pending destroy work before exit_net release

Similar to 2c9f0293280e ("netfilter: nf_tables: flush pending destroy
work before netlink notifier") to address a race between exit_net and
the destroy workqueue.

The trace below shows an element to be released via destroy workqueue
while exit_net path (triggered via module removal) has already released
the set that is used in such transaction.

[ 1360.547789] BUG: KASAN: slab-use-after-free in nf_tables_trans_destroy_work+0x3f5/0x590 [nf_tables]
[ 1360.547861] Read of size 8 at addr ffff888140500cc0 by task kworker/4:1/152465
[ 1360.547870] CPU: 4 PID: 152465 Comm: kworker/4:1 Not tainted 6.8.0+ #359
[ 1360.547882] Workqueue: events nf_tables_trans_destroy_work [nf_tables]
[ 1360.547984] Call Trace:
[ 1360.547991]  <TASK>
[ 1360.547998]  dump_stack_lvl+0x53/0x70
[ 1360.548014]  print_report+0xc4/0x610
[ 1360.548026]  ? __virt_addr_valid+0xba/0x160
[ 1360.548040]  ? __pfx__raw_spin_lock_irqsave+0x10/0x10
[ 1360.548054]  ? nf_tables_trans_destroy_work+0x3f5/0x590 [nf_tables]
[ 1360.548176]  kasan_report+0xae/0xe0
[ 1360.548189]  ? nf_tables_trans_destroy_work+0x3f5/0x590 [nf_tables]
[ 1360.548312]  nf_tables_trans_destroy_work+0x3f5/0x590 [nf_tables]
[ 1360.548447]  ? __pfx_nf_tables_trans_destroy_work+0x10/0x10 [nf_tables]
[ 1360.548577]  ? _raw_spin_unlock_irq+0x18/0x30
[ 1360.548591]  process_one_work+0x2f1/0x670
[ 1360.548610]  worker_thread+0x4d3/0x760
[ 1360.548627]  ? __pfx_worker_thread+0x10/0x10
[ 1360.548640]  kthread+0x16b/0x1b0
[ 1360.548653]  ? __pfx_kthread+0x10/0x10
[ 1360.548665]  ret_from_fork+0x2f/0x50
[ 1360.548679]  ? __pfx_kthread+0x10/0x10
[ 1360.548690]  ret_from_fork_asm+0x1a/0x30
[ 1360.548707]  </TASK>

[ 1360.548719] Allocated by task 192061:
[ 1360.548726]  kasan_save_stack+0x20/0x40
[ 1360.548739]  kasan_save_track+0x14/0x30
[ 1360.548750]  __kasan_kmalloc+0x8f/0xa0
[ 1360.548760]  __kmalloc_node+0x1f1/0x450
[ 1360.548771]  nf_tables_newset+0x10c7/0x1b50 [nf_tables]
[ 1360.548883]  nfnetlink_rcv_batch+0xbc4/0xdc0 [nfnetlink]
[ 1360.548909]  nfnetlink_rcv+0x1a8/0x1e0 [nfnetlink]
[ 1360.548927]  netlink_unicast+0x367/0x4f0
[ 1360.548935]  netlink_sendmsg+0x34b/0x610
[ 1360.548944]  ____sys_sendmsg+0x4d4/0x510
[ 1360.548953]  ___sys_sendmsg+0xc9/0x120
[ 1360.548961]  __sys_sendmsg+0xbe/0x140
[ 1360.548971]  do_syscall_64+0x55/0x120
[ 1360.548982]  entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x55/0x5d

[ 1360.548994] Freed by task 192222:
[ 1360.548999]  kasan_save_stack+0x20/0x40
[ 1360.549009]  kasan_save_track+0x14/0x30
[ 1360.549019]  kasan_save_free_info+0x3b/0x60
[ 1360.549028]  poison_slab_object+0x100/0x180
[ 1360.549036]  __kasan_slab_free+0x14/0x30
[ 1360.549042]  kfree+0xb6/0x260
[ 1360.549049]  __nft_release_table+0x473/0x6a0 [nf_tables]
[ 1360.549131]  nf_tables_exit_net+0x170/0x240 [nf_tables]
[ 1360.549221]  ops_exit_list+0x50/0xa0
[ 1360.549229]  free_exit_list+0x101/0x140
[ 1360.549236]  unregister_pernet_operations+0x107/0x160
[ 1360.549245]  unregister_pernet_subsys+0x1c/0x30
[ 1360.549254]  nf_tables_module_exit+0x43/0x80 [nf_tables]
[ 1360.549345]  __do_sys_delete_module+0x253/0x370
[ 1360.549352]  do_syscall_64+0x55/0x120
[ 1360.549360]  entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x55/0x5d

(gdb) list *__nft_release_table+0x473
0x1e033 is in __nft_release_table (net/netfilter/nf_tables_api.c:11354).
11349           list_for_each_entry_safe(flowtable, nf, &table->flowtables, list) {
11350                   list_del(&flowtable->list);
11351                   nft_use_dec(&table->use);
11352                   nf_tables_flowtable_destroy(flowtable);
11353           }
11354           list_for_each_entry_safe(set, ns, &table->sets, list) {
11355                   list_del(&set->list);
11356                   nft_use_dec(&table->use);
11357                   if (set->flags & (NFT_SET_MAP | NFT_SET_OBJECT))
11358                           nft_map_deactivat
---truncated---

kernel.org https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/24cea9677025e0de419989ecb692acd4bb34cac2 [No types assigned]

kernel.org https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/333b5085522cf1898d5a0d92616046b414f631a7 [No types assigned]

kernel.org https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/46c4481938e2ca62343b16ea83ab28f4c1733d31 [No types assigned]

kernel.org https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/4e8447a9a3d367b5065a0b7abe101da6e0037b6e [No types assigned]

kernel.org https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/d2c9eb19fc3b11caebafde4c30a76a49203d18a6 [No types assigned]

kernel.org https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/f4e14695fe805eb0f0cb36e0ad6a560b9f985e86 [No types assigned]

kernel.org https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/f7e3c88cc2a977c2b9a8aa52c1ce689e7b394e49 [No types assigned]