In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

btrfs: make cow_file_range_inline() honor locked_page on error

The btrfs buffered write path runs through __extent_writepage() which
has some tricky return value handling for writepage_delalloc().
Specifically, when that returns 1, we exit, but for other return values
we continue and end up calling btrfs_folio_end_all_writers(). If the
folio has been unlocked (note that we check the PageLocked bit at the
start of __extent_writepage()), this results in an assert panic like
this one from syzbot:

  BTRFS: error (device loop0 state EAL) in free_log_tree:3267: errno=-5 IO failure
  BTRFS warning (device loop0 state EAL): Skipping commit of aborted transaction.
  BTRFS: error (device loop0 state EAL) in cleanup_transaction:2018: errno=-5 IO failure
  assertion failed: folio_test_locked(folio), in fs/btrfs/subpage.c:871
  ------------[ cut here ]------------
  kernel BUG at fs/btrfs/subpage.c:871!
  Oops: invalid opcode: 0000 [#1] PREEMPT SMP KASAN PTI
  CPU: 1 PID: 5090 Comm: syz-executor225 Not tainted
  6.10.0-syzkaller-05505-gb1bc554e009e #0
  Hardware name: Google Google Compute Engine/Google Compute Engine, BIOS
  Google 06/27/2024
  RIP: 0010:btrfs_folio_end_all_writers+0x55b/0x610 fs/btrfs/subpage.c:871
  Code: e9 d3 fb ff ff e8 25 22 c2 fd 48 c7 c7 c0 3c 0e 8c 48 c7 c6 80 3d
  0e 8c 48 c7 c2 60 3c 0e 8c b9 67 03 00 00 e8 66 47 ad 07 90 <0f> 0b e8
  6e 45 b0 07 4c 89 ff be 08 00 00 00 e8 21 12 25 fe 4c 89
  RSP: 0018:ffffc900033d72e0 EFLAGS: 00010246
  RAX: 0000000000000045 RBX: 00fff0000000402c RCX: 663b7a08c50a0a00
  RDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: 0000000080000000 RDI: 0000000000000000
  RBP: ffffc900033d73b0 R08: ffffffff8176b98c R09: 1ffff9200067adfc
  R10: dffffc0000000000 R11: fffff5200067adfd R12: 0000000000000001
  R13: dffffc0000000000 R14: 0000000000000000 R15: ffffea0001cbee80
  FS:  0000000000000000(0000) GS:ffff8880b9500000(0000)
  knlGS:0000000000000000
  CS:  0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033
  CR2: 00007f5f076012f8 CR3: 000000000e134000 CR4: 00000000003506f0
  DR0: 0000000000000000 DR1: 0000000000000000 DR2: 0000000000000000
  DR3: 0000000000000000 DR6: 00000000fffe0ff0 DR7: 0000000000000400
  Call Trace:
  <TASK>
  __extent_writepage fs/btrfs/extent_io.c:1597 [inline]
  extent_write_cache_pages fs/btrfs/extent_io.c:2251 [inline]
  btrfs_writepages+0x14d7/0x2760 fs/btrfs/extent_io.c:2373
  do_writepages+0x359/0x870 mm/page-writeback.c:2656
  filemap_fdatawrite_wbc+0x125/0x180 mm/filemap.c:397
  __filemap_fdatawrite_range mm/filemap.c:430 [inline]
  __filemap_fdatawrite mm/filemap.c:436 [inline]
  filemap_flush+0xdf/0x130 mm/filemap.c:463
  btrfs_release_file+0x117/0x130 fs/btrfs/file.c:1547
  __fput+0x24a/0x8a0 fs/file_table.c:422
  task_work_run+0x24f/0x310 kernel/task_work.c:222
  exit_task_work include/linux/task_work.h:40 [inline]
  do_exit+0xa2f/0x27f0 kernel/exit.c:877
  do_group_exit+0x207/0x2c0 kernel/exit.c:1026
  __do_sys_exit_group kernel/exit.c:1037 [inline]
  __se_sys_exit_group kernel/exit.c:1035 [inline]
  __x64_sys_exit_group+0x3f/0x40 kernel/exit.c:1035
  x64_sys_call+0x2634/0x2640
  arch/x86/include/generated/asm/syscalls_64.h:232
  do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/common.c:52 [inline]
  do_syscall_64+0xf3/0x230 arch/x86/entry/common.c:83
  entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x77/0x7f
  RIP: 0033:0x7f5f075b70c9
  Code: Unable to access opcode bytes at
  0x7f5f075b709f.

I was hitting the same issue by doing hundreds of accelerated runs of
generic/475, which also hits IO errors by design.

I instrumented that reproducer with bpftrace and found that the
undesirable folio_unlock was coming from the following callstack:

  folio_unlock+5
  __process_pages_contig+475
  cow_file_range_inline.constprop.0+230
  cow_file_range+803
  btrfs_run_delalloc_range+566
  writepage_delalloc+332
  __extent_writepage # inlined in my stacktrace, but I added it here
  extent_write_cache_pages+622

Looking at the bisected-to pa
---truncated---

kernel.org https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/061e41581606000a83ce0f0f01d6ad338f3704e9 [No types assigned]

kernel.org https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/478574370bef7951fbd9ef5155537d6cbed49472 [No types assigned]