In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

net_sched: hfsc: Fix a UAF vulnerability in class handling

This patch fixes a Use-After-Free vulnerability in the HFSC qdisc class
handling. The issue occurs due to a time-of-check/time-of-use condition
in hfsc_change_class() when working with certain child qdiscs like netem
or codel.

The vulnerability works as follows:
1. hfsc_change_class() checks if a class has packets (q.qlen != 0)
2. It then calls qdisc_peek_len(), which for certain qdiscs (e.g.,
   codel, netem) might drop packets and empty the queue
3. The code continues assuming the queue is still non-empty, adding
   the class to vttree
4. This breaks HFSC scheduler assumptions that only non-empty classes
   are in vttree
5. Later, when the class is destroyed, this can lead to a Use-After-Free

The fix adds a second queue length check after qdisc_peek_len() to verify
the queue wasn't emptied.

https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/20d584a33e480ae80d105f43e0e7b56784da41b9

https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/28b09a067831f7317c3841812276022d6c940677

https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/39b9095dd3b55d9b2743df038c32138efa34a9de

https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/3aa852e3605000d5c47035c3fc3a986d14ccfa9f

https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/3df275ef0a6ae181e8428a6589ef5d5231e58b5c

https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/86cd4641c713455a4f1c8e54c370c598c2b1cee0

https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/bb583c88d23b72d8d16453d24856c99bd93dadf5

https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/fcc8ede663569c704fb00a702973bd6c00373283